Características y factores de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en Tamaulipas, a un año de pandemia / Characteristics and risk factors of COVID-19 mortality in Tamaulipas, one year after the pandemic

Resumen Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19), es una enfermedad viral prevalente y diseminada a nivel mundial, considerada una pandemia con alta tasa de mortalidad. A la fecha no existen estudios que describan la influencia de las variables asociadas a la enfermedad en el estado fronterizo de Tamaulipas, México. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y analizar las características, complicaciones, tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en paciente positivos a COVID-19 en el estado de Tamaulipas, a un año de la emergencia local. Se utilizó la frecuencia de casos observados en relación a características, complicaciones y comorbilidades para estimar prevalencias y tasas de letalidad. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística multivariada para estimar los factores de riesgo significativos y se utilizaron curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier para describir las comorbilidades más importantes. Los análisis indicaron una mayor infección en pacientes en edad productiva, con una probabilidad significativa de muerte a partir de los 40 años, más evidente en pacientes masculinos. Los riesgos asociados a la hospitalización, como intubación endotraqueal y neumonía, son factores muy importantes. Las comorbilidades con alta prevalencia (diabetes, hipertensión y obesidad) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) están asociados significativamente (P < 0.01) a mayor mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes positivos. El presente estudio demostró algunos patrones generales de prevalencia y tasas de letalidad por COVID-19, por lo que se sugieren particularidades en los factores asociados a mortalidad en la población de Tamaulipas que requieren atención en sus grupos vulnerables, sobre todo en posibles casos de rebrotes de la enfermedad.

Abstract Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) is a prevalent and globally disseminated viral disease that has become a pandemic associated with a high case fatality rate. To date, there are no published studies that describe the influence of the variables associated with the disease, specifically in the border state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The objective of the present study was to assess the characteristics, complications, fatality rates and risk factors associated to mortality in patients positive to COVID-19 in Tamaulipas, one year after the local emergency. Descriptive frequency of characteristics, complications for prevalence and case fatality rates were used. A multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted to estimate the meaningful risk factors, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to describe the most important comorbidities. The analysis indicated higher infection rates in patients of productive age, with a significant death probability in male patients from the age of 40. The risks associated with hospitalization, such as endotracheal intubation and the presence of pneumonia are important risk factors. Comorbidities with high prevalence; diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with higher COVID-19 mortality risk in the assessed population. The present study demonstrated some COVID-19 general patterns on frequency and mortality rates. It also suggested particularities in factors associated to mortality in the Tamaulipas population, which require proper attention in vulnerable groups, especially in future outbreaks of the disease.

Tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo por COVID-19 en México / Case fatality rates and risk factors by COVID-19 in Mexico

Introducción: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad viral diseminada a nivel mundial, que es considerada una pandemia con alta tasa de mortalidad, cuyo estudio epidemiológico es fundamental para entender el riesgo asociado a poblaciones específicas. Objetivos: Estimar las tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad por COVID-19 en cinco Estados con más contagios en México. Métodos: Se analizaron de 297 230 pacientes positivos a COVID-19 mediante prueba de RT-PCR procedentes de 475 unidades de monitoreo en cinco Estados de México. Se estimaron tasas de letalidad y razones de probabilidad mediante el ajuste de un modelo de regresión logística multivariada. Se consideraron los factores de riesgo en un modelo que incluyó los efectos del sexo, edad, hábitos de fumador, historial de hospitalización, diagnóstico de neumonía y comorbilidades como diabetes, hipertensión, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, asma, inmunodepresión, enfermedad renal crónica y enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre otras. Resultados: Existe mayor contagio entre las personas de 41 a 60 años de edad. Más del 90 por ciento de los fallecimientos ocurrieron después de los 41 años, con aumento de la tasa de letalidad a mayor edad. Los hombres mostraron mayor proporción de casos, fallecimientos y tasa de letalidad. El análisis logístico multivariado mostró que la edad, sexo, hospitalización, neumonía, diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica son factores de riesgo significativos (p < 0,0001) para mortalidad por COVID-19. Conclusiones: En México la edad, el sexo, la hospitalización, neumonía, diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica son factores que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19. Se sugiere tener en cuenta esta información para determinar los grupos vulnerables e incrementar la atención sobre ellos para disminuir, en la medida de lo posible, el riesgo de contagio y mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral disease disseminated worldwide, considered a pandemic with a high mortality rate, whose epidemiological study is fundamental to understand the risk associated with specific populations. Objectives: Estimate the case fatality rates and risk factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 in the five states with more infections in Mexico. Methods: 297,230 COVID-19 positive patients were analyzed using RT-PCR tests from 475 monitoring units in five states of Mexico. Case fatality rates and probability ratios were estimated by adjusting a multivariate logistic regression model. Risk factors were considered in a model that included the effects of sex, age, smoking habits, hospitalization history, pneumonia diagnosis, and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, immunosuppression, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease, among others. Results: There is greater contagion among people aged 41 to 60 years. More than 90percent of deaths occurred after the age of 41, with the case fatality rate increasing at an older age. Men showed a higher proportion of cases, deaths and case fatality rate. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age, sex, hospitalization, pneumonia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease are significant risk factors (p < 0.0001) for COVID-19 mortality. Conclusions: In Mexico, age, sex, hospitalization, pneumonia, diabetes and chronic kidney disease are factors that increase the risk of mortality from COVID-19. It is suggested to take this information into account to determine vulnerable groups and increase attention to them to reduce, as far as possible, the risk of contagion and mortality(AU)

Effect of Leptin, Pituitary Transcription Factor and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Genes Polymorphisms on Reproductive Traits and Milk Yield in Holstein Cattle

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies of markers in the leptin (LEP), pituitary transcription factor (PIT-1) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) genes and evaluate their effects on reproductive traits and milk yield of Holstein cattle. Data from 147 cows from department of Francisco Morazán, Honduras, were collected and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assays were performed to characterize the PIT-1-HinfI, LEP- A59V and LHR-rs41256848 polymorphisms. To estimate the effect of genotypes on reproductive traits and milk yield fixed and mixed linear models were fitted. The frequencies of the genotypes CC, CT and TT of A59V, AA, AB and BB of HinfI, and CC, CG and GG of rs41256848 were 0.46, 0.33 and, 0.21; 0.09, 0.32 and 0.58; and 0.37, 0.61 and 0.02, respectively. The genotypes of LEP and LHR showed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The A59V polymorphism was significantly associated with the calving to conception interval (CCI) (p=0.01), being the C allele favorable. The HinfI and rs41256848 polymorphism were significantly associated (p=0.08 and p=0.04) with age to first calving (AFC), being the A and G the alleles favorable associated, respectively. The results suggest that LEP, PIT and LHR polymorphisms can probably act as candidate to be used in marker-assisted selection for AFC and CCI traits.

Signatures of Selection From Candidate Gene Polymorphisms Panel in Five Zebu Breeds

ABSTRACT The signals of selection using candidate genes polymorphism were studied in five zebu breeds of Mexico. Three loci from GHRH and complementarily Steroyl Co Desaturase F762, Dopamine Beta Hydroxilase 17299, and LEP3272 were identified under selection. Findings depict Zebu selection pressure mainly on Brahman breed resulting in a divergent structure pattern.

Meat tenderness genetic polymorphisms occurrence and distribution in five Zebu breeds in Mexico

Background The Zebu cattle are represented by a diverse group of breeds in México. Traditionally these breeds have been associated with the tough beef characteristic. Validated genetic markers have the potential to be included in marker-assisted selection and management programs in order to improve traits such as beef tenderness. The incidence and distribution of Calpain and Calpastatin polymorphisms strongly associated with beef tenderness were estimated in registered cattle of five Zebu breeds in Mexico. Results A low and in some cases null frequency of favorable C allele of CAPN316 was determined in all breeds. Conversely, a more equilibrated frequency in CAPN4751 and CAST loci was observed. Conclusions Although the relatively low occurrence of favorable alleles in assessed loci may limit their use in selection programs, genotyping availability might be a practical and comprehensive tool for introgression programs by marker assisted selection and management as to improve meat tenderness of Zebu breeds.

Non-genetic effects on growth characteristics of Brahman cattle / Efectos no genéticos sobre caracteres de crecimiento del ganado Brahman

Objective. To determine how some non-genetic factors influence weights at birth (BW), weaning (WW) and yearling (YW) of Brahman calves. Materials and methods. Data corresponding to 58257, 57045 and 40364 for BW, WW and YW, respectively, were analyzed. The models included the effects of year and season of birth and sex, and were considered simple interactions. Results. All effects were significant (p<0.05) for BW, WW and YW. Only the season of birth didn’t have a significant effect (p>0.05) on WW. The average general BW, WW and YW were 32±3.2, 188±37.7 and 291±56.8 kg, respectively. Variables evaluated that take into account the year of birth show a trend to increase weight each year. In relation to the birth season on BW and YW, it was observed that calves born during the rainy season were heavier than those born during the dry season. Similarly, male calves were heavier than females at birth, weaning and one year of age. The effects of the analyzed interactions were significant (p<0.05) for the three variables, except for the season of birth per sex interaction, which did not have a significant effect (p>0.05) for BW and WW. Conclusions. The studied non-genetic factors were important and should be taken into account in management strategies when striving to increase the efficiency of the productive system.

Objetivo. Determinar cómo influyen algunos factores no genéticos sobre los pesos al nacer (PN), al destete (PD) y al año (PA) de terneros Brahman. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 58257; 57045 y 40364 datos para PN, PD y PA, respectivamente. Los registros fueron de animales nacidos durante los años 1994 a 2012. El modelo incluyó los efectos de año y época de nacimiento y sexo, también se consideraron las interacciones simples. Resultados. Todos los efectos resultaron significativos (p<0.05) para PN, PD y PA. Sólo el efecto de época de nacimiento no tuvo efecto significativo (p>0.05) para el PD. Las medias generales de PN, PD y PA fueron de 32±3.2, 188±37.7 y 291±56.8 kg, respectivamente. Para las variables evaluadas sobre el año de nacimiento se observó una tendencia de aumento del peso conforme transcurrieron los años de estudio. Con relación a la época de nacimiento sobre el PN y PA se observó que los terneros nacidos durante la época de lluviosa fueron más pesados, que los nacidos durante la época seca. De igual modo, los terneros machos fueron más pesados que las hembras al nacimiento, destete y al año de edad. Los efectos de las interacciones analizadas fueron significativas (p<0.05) para las tres variables, a excepción, de la interacción época de nacimiento por sexo que no tuvo efecto significativo (p>0.05) para el PN y PD. Conclusiones. Los factores no genéticos estudiados fueron importantes y deben ser tenidos en cuenta en las estrategias de manejo cuando se quiere incrementar la eficiencia del sistema productivo.

Genomic and phenotypic beef quality indicators of Charolais cattle in México / Indicadores genómicos y fenotípicos para calidad de la carne en bovinos Charolais de México / Indicadores genómicos e fenotípicos na qualidade da carne do gado Charolês no México

Tenderness and marbling are polygenic traits used as indicators of good meat quality. Among different genes related to meat quality, µ-calpaine (CAPN1) and thyroglobulin (TG5) have been specifically linked to tenderness and marbling, respectively. Objectives: to estimate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of markers in CAPN1 and TG5 genes, and relate their presence to beef carcass quality. Methods: CAPN1 and TG5 polymorphisms were identified by PCR-ACRS and PCR-RFLP, respectively, validating their putative effects on beef carcass using real time ultrasound in Charolais candidate sires (n=80). Results: computed genotypic frequencies in CAP4751 and TG5 showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while CAP316 expressed deviation from equilibrium. Association analysis indicated a significant effect of CAP4751 on rib eye area (REA) (p<0.05) and intramuscular fat (IMF) (p<0.10), while TG5 showed a significant trend on yield grade (YG). Conclusions: these results support the use of these markers for assessing traits related to meat quality, and warrant further studies to validate their use in cattle herds for breeding purposes.

La terneza y el marmoreo son características poligénicas e indicadoras de calidad en la carne bovina. Uno de los genes relacionados con la terneza en la carne es el gen de µ-calpaína (CAPN), en el cual se han identificado dos polimorfismos CAPN316 y CAPN4751 asociados significativamente a esta característica. En el gen de la Tiroglobulina (TG5) relacionado con el marmoleo, se ha identificado un polimorfismo en la posición -537del gen, asociado a la deposición de grasa intramuscular en bovinos. Objetivo: estimar las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de tres marcadores genéticos y su asocación con carcaterísticas de calidad de la carne bovina. Métodos: a partir de muestras de sangre de 80 toretes Charolais de 12 meses de edad mantenidos en pruebas de comportamiento, se caracterizaron polimorfismos en los marcadores CAPN316 y CAPN4751 identificados mediante el diseño de oligonucleótidos y la creación de sitios de restricción en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR-ACRS) y de TG5 identifificado mediante PCR- RFLP, se utilizaron cebadores previamente reportados. Resultados: las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los polimorfismo de CAPN4751 y TG5 mostraron estar en equilibrio genético; más no para CAPN316. Los análisis de asociación mostraron una diferencia significativa del marcador CAPN4751 sobre el área del músculo Longissimus dorsi (REA) (p<0.05) y grasa intramuscualr (IMF) (p<0.10); mientras que para TG5 hubo una tendencia significativa sobre el grado de rendimiento (YG). Conclusiones: dichos resultados sugieren el efecto potencial de estos marcadores comerciales sobre características de la carne, el estudio propone su uso sinérgico como complemento informativo de indicadores de la calidad en animales reproductores, pero resalta la necesidad de validación extensiva en poblaciones particulares para fomentar su uso en el mejoramiento de la ganadería para carne.

A maciez e o marmoreio são características poligênicas e indicadoras de qualidade da carne. Um dos genes relacionados à maciez da carne é o gene da -calpaína (CAPN1), no qual se tem identificados dois polimorfismos CAPN316 e CAPN4751 associados significativamente com esta característica. No gene da tiroglobulina (TG5) relacionado com o marmoreio, se tem identificado um polimorfismo na posição -537. Objetivo: estimar as frequências genotípicas e alélicas de três marcadores genéticos (SNP) e fazer a respectiva associação dos genótipos e alelos com os indicadores de qualidade da carne, obtendo um efeito significativo sobre algumas características de carcaça estimada pela ultrassonografia em tempo real em touros Charolês no noroeste do México. Métodos: foram identificados polimorfismos em três marcadores SNP a partir de 80 amostras de sangue de novilhos Charolês, sendo os SNP CAPN4751 e CAPN316 identificados após o desenho de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores e a criação de sítios de restrição na reação em cadeia da enzima polimerase (PCR-ACRS). O marcador TG5 foi identificado por PCR-RFLP com sequencias de oligonucleotídeos previamente reportadas. Resultados: Os polimorfismos CAPN4751 e TG5 mostraram estar em equilíbrio genético, mas o CAPN316 esta em desequilíbrio. A análise de associação demonstrou uma diferença estatística significativa para o marcador CAPN4751 em área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (REA) (p< 0.05) e gordura intramuscular (MI) (p<0.10), enquanto que para TG5 houve efeito significativo sobre rendimento (YG). Conclusões: Estes resultados sugerem o efeito potencial destes marcadores comerciais para melhorar as características de qualidade da carne. O estudo propõe a utilização das informações sinergicamente com os indicadores fenotípicos de qualidade da carne, mas salienta a necessidade da validação extensiva em populações específicas para incentivar a sua utilização no melhoramento de gado de corte.

Convenient genotyping of nine bovine K-casein variants

K-casein gene polymorphisms are of major importance in the dairy industry due to their association with different quality and productive traits (i.e., milk protein). Several methods for genotyping this gene have been proposed; however, none are focused on the simultaneous discrimination of nine K-casein variants. A strategy based on PCR-RFLP was designed to characterize nine K-casein variants (A, B, C, E, F², G, H, I and J) and used to genotype three cattle populations: Gyrholando (3/8 Gyr x 5/8 Holstein), Charolais and Carora. The B variant was the most frequent in the Charolais and Carora breeds, with allelic frequencies of 0.60 and 0.59, respectively. In the Gyrholando breed, four variants were found, with the A variant being the most frequent and E and H the least. The genotyping strategy was effective in detection and differentiation of K-casein variants, and it is proposed for use in laboratories with minimal molecular biology equipment for genotyping and evaluation of the phenotypic effects of nine K-casein variants on milk production and quality.

Importancia de la verificación-asignación de progenitores en sistemas extensivos de pie de cría / Importance of parentage verification-assignment in extensive multiple-sired breeding herds

Se aplicó un panel de nueve marcadores microsatélites para estructurar la genealogía de un hato de ganado Braford manejado bajo empadre múltiple y destinado a pié de cría, para evaluar las repercusiones de la adecuada asignación de progenitores, así como las implicaciones en su mejoramiento genético. Se logró la asignación de paternidad en el 100% de la progenie, mientras que en los ensayos de verificación de maternidad se estimó un porcentaje de error de asignación de aproximadamente 90%. Los resultados encontrados apoyan el uso de la asignación de paternidad para verificar la estructura genealógica (paternidad y maternidad) de hatos cuya certeza en el pedigrí es crítica para el mejoramiento genético de su raza, y en donde el sistema de manejo extensivo y empadre múltiple limitan el registro adecuado de la progenie al momento del parto.

To assess the implications of parentage assignation on herds-genetic improvement nine microsatellite markers were used in order to structure the genealogy of a multisired Braford herd. All progeny (100%) had satisfactory paternity assignment, conversely the maternity verification analysis showed assignation errors up to 90%. Our results support the use of molecular tools to verify the pedigree structure in those herds with management systems that limit the proper registration of progeny at calving.

Tipifi cación de tres marcadores genéticos de caracteresde importancia comercial en ganado Charolais: implicaciones en la ganadería para carne en México / Tipificação de três marcadores genéticos de importância comercial em gado Charolês: implicações no gado de corte no México / Three commercial-trait-related genetic markers typification in Charolais cattle: implications for mexican beef cattle production

Fueron obtenidas muestras de toros Charolais de registro (N=130) candidatos a sementales para hatospie de cría manejados en un centro de pruebas de comportamiento productivo, con la finalidad de estimarlas frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de tres marcadores simples de un solo nucleótido que han sidoasociados con características de calidad de la carne en ganado bovino. Se analizaron dos polimorfismosen el gen Calpaína, CAPN316 y CAPN4751, y la mutación Q204X, privada de la raza Charolais, en el genMiostatina. Se encontró alta frecuencia del alelo normal en CAPN316 (f=0.85) y frecuencia similares delos alelos normal y mutado para el marcador CAPN4751 (f= 0.58 y 0.48, respectivamente). Se analizó lafrecuencia de la mutación Q204X del gen Miostatina, encontrándose baja frecuencia (f= 0.03) atribuiblea la selección negativa para la característica de doble musculatura en los últimos 30 años. Se discutenlas implicaciones del estudio y validación del efecto de estos marcadores en el sistema de productor decarne bovina. La implementación del uso de estos marcadores podría ayudar a incentivar el desarrollo delsistema, el fomento de nichos de mercado para la calidad de la carne y sobre aumentar la rentabilidad delos sistemas de producción de carne actuales.

Samples from registered Charolais sire candidate bulls for breeding herds and managed in aperformance test station (N=130) were analyzed in order to estimate genotypic and allelic frequencies ofthree single nucleotide polymorphisms associated to beef quality traits. Two Calpain gene SNP markers,CAPN316 and CAPN4751, and the Charolais private mutation Q204X associated to double-musclingphenotype, were assessed. High frequency of normal allele was observed in CAPN316 (f=0.85) and similarfrequencies for normal and favorable alleles in CAPN4751 (f=0.58 and 0.42, respectively). For Q204X,a low prevalence for the double muscling promoter allele was observed (f=0.03) attributable to negativeselection criterion over this trait in the last 30 years. Implication and validation effects of the marker effectson the beef production system are discussed. Implementation of marker assisted management could helpsystem development, support creation of quality meat niches and facilitate the increasing profitability forcurrent beef production industry.

Foram obtidas amostras de machos da raça Charolês registrado (N=130) candidatos a seremreprodutores para fazendas de cria, manejados em una central de teste de desempenho, com a finalidadede estimar as freqüências genotípicas e gênicas de três marcadores de um só nucleótido, associados comcaracterísticas de qualidade da carne bovina. Foram analisados os polimorfismos do gen da Calpaína,CAPN316 e CAPN4751, e a mutação Q204X, privada da raza charolês, no gen da Miostatina. Foramencontradas freqüências altas do alelo normal na CAPN316 (f= 0.85) e freqüências similares dos alelosnormal e mutado para o marcador CAPN4751 (f=0.58 e 0.48, respectivamente). Foi encontrada baixafreqüência da mutação Q204X do gen Miostatina (f=0.03) devido à seleção negativa para a característicade dupla musculatura nos últimos 30 anos. O uso destes marcadores poderia ajudar a incentivar odesenvolvimento e fomento de mercados específicos para qualidade de carne e aumentar a rentabilidadedos sistemas de produção de carne atuais.

Assessment of genetic structure in Mexican charolais herds using microsatellite markers

Knowledge of livestock genetic diversity is an essential step to respond to commercial demands and reach production objectives in different environments and production systems. The evaluation of animal genetic diversity is achieved by using molecular markers. Microsatellites are the most used markers for studies of this type. Eleven microsatellites were used to evaluate the genetic variation from three populations of Charolais cattle located in northeast Mexico. The studied populations exhibited a high allelic variability with a mean heterozygosity of 0.5. A moderate genetic differentiation between the Charolais populations (F ST = 0.079; P < 0.001) was observed. This suggests subdivisions in Charolais breed established in Mexico, due to genetic material origin, reproductive and selective management and local isolation.